Chapter 10. The Electromagnetic Force.  

Electromagnetism poses a strong challenge to the previous sub-models. We have a model for how the electrostatic force is generated, and we have a model for how emission angles from moving EPs vary with the speed of the EP. These two models better be consistent, or else at least one of them must be wrong.

Review how the electron in Fig. 14 presents the principle for how an electron at rest may provide a surplus K^- flux by turning the sign of a small fraction of the K⁺.

Fig. 14. Model for electric K absorption centre in electron 1. The electron transforms the homogenous K sign distribution into a surplus of K^- and a deficiency of K⁺.

Furthermore, recall that a second electron will be hit by K^- while K⁺ for the major part passes by without interacting. Hence a surplus of K^- will induce a repelling force

To get a model for how electrically charged EPs create an electromagnetic field we need to go back to our model for EPs with proper mass. We have demonstrated that a moving EP with a certain forward facing amplitude (target) will experience more K-interactions from the front than from the rear (see Fig. 11, which is presented as an electron in Fig. 16). Incoming Ks have an average angle of less than 90 degrees at absorption on the electron’s direction. Then Ks must be emitted at an angle more than 90 degrees, i.e. in a slightly backwards direction.

The average incoming momentum must be balanced by the angle of the average outgoing momentum. In a steady state the average of emitted Ks will have a trajectory which is a prolongation of the trajectory of the average incoming Ks. Hence the dynamic properties regarding emission angles of Ks from EPs explain the electromagnetic field.

   Fig. 16. Emission pattern for an electron at high velocity. Since the moving particle is now an electron, we use a blue colour in this figure.

Electromagnetism will come out pretty neatly as a combination of these two models. Set the electrons in motion, and they will emit a surplus of K^- slightly backwards on the average. Hence a receiving electron will be hit by this excess of minus-sign in the K^-flux, which will give it an impulse backwards relative to the direction of the electron setting up the electromagnetic field. And then we have an accelerator or an induced current in an electric wire.

If this is so, a current with moving electrons in an otherwise neutral surrounding, will set up a directional K^- flux, while it removes a few K⁺ from the background K flux. The small fraction of K⁺ which are absorbed by the electron to have their sign turned will also come in with the same average angle as the K^-, hence the missing K⁺ flux will also be directional. So the electromagnetic field which is set up by the moving electric absorption centre will work in the opposite direction on a K⁺ absorption centre.

Consequence 23:

Electromagnetism comes from moving electrons emitting a surplus of K^-. A moving electron must emit its Ks slightly backwards. Hence another electron will absorb a surplus of K^- which pushes it backwards as well. The electromagnetic force is an effect of the combination of sign being turned in electric absorption centres, and the necessary emission patterns for fermions in motion.

The complementary principle of K emission states that no Ks can disappear. Therefore K transformation in moving electric K absorption centres creates a directional deficiency of the K sign which is transformed, and an equally large directional surplus of the K sign to which it is transformed. Hence K⁺ which are missing because they are transformed to K^-, will induce a force by proxy on K⁺ absorption centres in the opposite direction of the arrows showing K^- emission. For practical purposes, the small loss of K amplitude at switching sign can be ignored when the electromagnetic effect is considered.

If a K flux with a surplus of K^- hits a proton (which must have a K⁺ absorption centre), then the affiliated deficiency of K⁺ will cause less interaction and hence less hits from the side of the electron, and the background K flux will act like a force by proxy and push the proton in the opposite direction of the arrows in Fig. 16.

Consequence 24:

The complementary principle of K emission states that no K disappears, and therefore a K which is absorbed directionally and then transformed to the opposite K sign will be missing in the direction of the prolongation of its trajectory. Hence K⁺ which are missing because they are transformed to K^- will induce a contractive force by proxy on K⁺ absorption centres.

Let us sum up the working mechanism: 

• The K flux is modified by the electron (fig. 14), and leaves the electron with a K^- surplus.  
• The electron receives more K hits from ahead than from the rear (fig 16), and must therefore emit the Ks in a slightly backward direction relative to its own direction.  
• hence a moving electron will emit its surplus of K^- in a directional manner like a vector field.  
• a moving electron will provide a complementary deficiency of K⁺ in a directional manner like a vector field parallel to the surplus of K^–.    
• When a directional surplus of K^– hits another electron, it will induce a current in the direction of the arrows for K emission. 

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