Chapter 15. Gravitational Field Formation.  

We now operate with two kinds of matter – regular matter which downregulates K amplitude – and repulsive plasma which upregulates K amplitude (affinity) for EP interaction. Furthermore, we suspect that gravity is linked to the electromagnetic process, so we don’t know whether electrically neutral particles, like neutrons, will contribute to a gravitational field at all. Let us see what this can lead to.

If the existence of gravity has its origin in the need to switch K sign, the K-enhancing plasma bodies seems unlikely to have any electric absorption centres which make long range electric fields. Having opened up for non-gravitational matter, we need to revisit regular matter and address the question about which elementary particles contribute to the gravitational field. There are two basic ways to look at when electric charge enters the universe. The electric charge can arise:

1. When neutrons are formed, meaning that a neutron possesses both a positive and a negative electric absorption centre, which change the sign of some regular Ks and generate gravity when the Ks loose a minute part of their amplitude (affinity) for interacting with matter.  
2. When neutrons split into proton-electron pairs, meaning that neutrons don’t have electric absorption centres and don’t generate gravity.  

As we have demonstrated in chapter 11 about the strong force, the K absorption centres – which generate the strong force – will create electromagnetic dipoles or monopoles with a very short range like the size of a nucleus, but no long range electric fields. Fig. 17-18 demonstrate that even without changing sign of any Ks, there will be electromagnetic variations within nuclei and atoms because the absorption centres function by emitting K⁺ and K^- in a directional way, and not at random.

So the fact that for instance a neutron has short range electric properties does not necessarily mean that a neutron has absorption centres which change sign of some Ks. Hence there is no need for any electric charge to explain the presence of electric dipoles. Only the absorption centres which are specific for electric charge (Fig. 14-15) will require that K signs are switched.

The three quarks in a neutron are assigned with charge +2/3 and two times -1/3, and we should therefore expect that neutrons have intrinsic charge. But if electric monopoles / dipoles can exist without any charge, this classification of the quarks could be misleading. Then up-quark and down-quark are really good names, because their charge mostly tell about where the Ks are emitted and what sign the emitted Ks have. Perhaps there is no charge in the quarks of a neutron according to our definition of charge, since our definition requires that K signs are switched.

Furthermore, if the repulsive plasma shall be without electric charge, it may also function without any switching of K sign. Or the case could be that repulsive plasma turns some K sign, but even so, the K enhancing effect must still be the dominant factor. Hence it is impossible at this stage to conclude about the neutron, but it may seem more likely that it does not contribute to gravity than the opposite. This is the rationale for suggesting that neutrons may not possess any ability to influence the K-flux through K transformation, and hence has no ability to exercise contractive gravitation.

Note also that the ability to set up a gravitational field must be seen separate from being influenced by a gravitational field. A neutron will respond to gravity just like protons and electrons regardless of what gravitational field it produces.

The question about what kind of EPs cause gravity has implication both for the models of atoms because of the electric properties, and for the gravitational field. Without deciding in favour of any of the two possibilities, let us examine the consequences of alternative 2, that neutrons don’t have any electric absorption centres which would have a net effect of transforming Ks.

Starting from our model for the strong force explained by absorption centres, fig 17-18, we see that even without changing sign of any Ks, there will be electromagnetic variations within nuclei and atoms because the absorption centres function by emitting K⁺ and K^- in a directional way, and not at random. So the fact that for instance a neutron has short range electric properties does not necessarily mean that a neutron has absorption centres which change sign of some Ks. Hence we cannot easily say whether neutrons transform Ks to turn K sign, and thereby contribute to setting up a gravitational field through K transformation.

K-transforming matter modifies the regular K-flux of its surroundings, and thereby influences other objects. We now look at the case where only charged particles will participate in forming a gravitational field. In this scenario neutrons will not perform gravity. If so, a star consisting of mostly hydrogen can set up about 2 times stronger gravity per mass compared to a cold planet consisting of mostly heavy atoms. This is because the ratio of proton per total mass will be about twice as high for the hydrogen star relative to the planet of heavy atoms.

But when it comes to responding to a gravitational field (K-flux deficiency) set up by other celestial bodies, or how to respond to repulsive K flux (K-flux abundance) from K-emitting plasma bodies, both the hydrogen star and the heavy-atom planet will respond in proportion to their total mass. Therefore this effect is not easy to register, since the gravitational acceleration is the same for all matter.

Credit: Main illustration: David A. Aguilar (Harvard-Smithsonian CfA), amended by Trond Erik Hillestad A propagating K-flux deficiency (gravity) is illustrated by circles of decreasing strength.

Under the above assumption, we get the following hypothesis:

If we suppose that neutrons don’t possess electric absorption centres able to switch K sign, then regular matter creates a gravitational field which is proportional to its number of protons + electrons, and the gravitational field is not proportional to the total mass of the matter, since neutrons don’t contribute to making gravitational fields.

Irrespective of whether or not neutrons absorb Ks to turn sign, we have that:

Consequence 33:

Matter responds to a K-flux deviance, be it attractive or repulsive, in a way which is proportional to the total mass of the matter, where matter includes neutrons, protons, electrons, repulsive plasma, photons and whatever else is out there.

This special effect of gravity, where matter responds to gravity in a different way than matter itself creates gravitational fields, can be easily overlooked because the gravitational acceleration is independent of the mass of a body in a gravitational field.

Therefore, if our sun has 10% less mass than its gravitational pull should indicate (according to Earthly standards) it would not be easily noticed, because the sun will also be 10% less influenced by the gravity from other celestial bodies when it has reduced mass. So its movements as a response to the gravity of moving planets would be almost the same. Perhaps some minor differences may occur which can be measured. But if we take a ton of hydrogen, and a ton of lead, and measure the gravitational field created by the 2 bodies, the hydrogen would create about twice the gravitational field of the lead, if neutrons don’t create gravitational fields.

Since we suppose that the gravitational field is the deficiency of regular K-flux due to K transformation in electric absorption centres, the gravitational field is a directional modification of the K-flux density in space pointing away from the source of K transformation. Suppose that 2 celestial bodies modify the K-flux in space in exactly the same way (set up equal gravitational fields), but one contains much more hydrogen than the other, and it is therefore lighter. At a given distance R the gravitational acceleration toward both bodies is g. One peculiar thing is that a star with mass 0,9M will create a pull on a planet with mass 1M with a force

F = g x 1M = gM,

while the other way, the pull will be

F = g x 0,9M = 0,9gM,

so the pull will be asymmetric.

When a planet is drawn towards the sun with a force F, the hypothesis in this chapter is that the sun may be drawn towards the planet with a smaller force, which can be anything from 50-99 % of F depending on the ratio of hydrogen in each of the two celestial bodies. Does this mean that   Newton’s rule of Force = Counterforce does not apply? No, that conclusion would be too hasty.

The systems which interact do not only consist of the 2 celestial bodies, the 2 bodies are merely modulators for what kind of K radiation the other body will be hit with, which in turn will change the pressure the body will experience. The entire universe which set up the background K-flux and the “local” deviance caused by the galaxy are the 2 main outside players here. And counting everything, Newton is doing fine.  

Now we have given reasons why stars may generate more gravity per kg of matter than regular planets, and why stars can generate less pr unit mass. Both these considerations may be true, one may hold, or they may both be wrong. Let us just show the possibilities in one table.

Table showing various alternatives for gravity generated by a star

Balance of K amplitude modifying processes in the universe.

In the formation of the gravitational potential by matter, which probably is caused by the electric process, some Ks loose a minute part of their amplitude for EP interaction. If there is nothing that can turn the K amplitude back up, the universe will develop into a state where Ks have lower and lower amplitudes. Since there is no reason to assume that the universe has any time limit back in time, the universe should have been drained of regular Ks unless this process is reversible.

Of course the plasma spheres could thrive on their enormous energy (mass) to deliver this K surplus without enhancing K amplitude. But considering the need for a balance in the K accounts over very long time intervals, it is much more likely that the Ks get their amplitude (probability / affinity) for interacting with matter slightly enhanced by the repulsive plasma bodies.

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