Chapter 17. Phenomena in Physics.   

Our model of the universe has come about as a result of a diligent testing of our basic postulates. In this chapter we shall look at how well our model complies with certain cosmological observation, and what kind of explanations it can offer.

Gravitational lens effect of galaxies.

The gravitational lens effect of a galaxy is stronger than anticipated because there is many times more regular matter in the galaxy than expected. But the repulsive plasma body at the centre will reduce the effect somewhat, especially near the centre. Compared to existing models which do not use dark matter, our model gives a much stronger lens effect to the outside of the galaxy, in accordance with the net centripetal acceleration necessary for keeping the stars in orbit.

The prevailing gravitational model postulates the existence of dark matter. Then you are free to invent matter for no particular reason AND distribute it in a manner that fits already done calculations. Of course it will fit most calculations, but in our opinion dark matter is just a tool to correct the errors of existing calculations due to major shortcomings in today’s theories on gravitation. The graph of Fig. 27 explains the gravitational effect with no use of dark matter.

 Active galactic nuclei and bar galaxies.

Bar galaxies can be explained as galaxies undergoing later runs of eruptions from the repulsive plasma body at the centre. But why do we observe more matter in certain regions than others?

The matter close to the centre moves more like a rigid body in the same direction as the rotation of the repulsive plasma body. If so, a second eruption can last for a while, and still most of the erupted plasma will pour into the same region of the galaxy.

However, it is reasonable to believe that the plasma sphere rotates faster than the matter surrounding it at some distance, so a bar must be made from an eruption which lasts only a fraction of a round to achieve the directionality of the bar. The already existing gravitational matter surrounding the central plasma sphere will confine the erupted plasma.

Unlike the first eruption, plasma erupting later will not be accelerated outwards very far by repulsive forces, before the net force turns contractive. Beware that repulsive plasma is equally responsive to gravitational forces as regular matter, the difference lies in the way different kinds of matter set up a gravitational field. Therefore the erupted plasma will be confined in the inner layer of the galaxy by gravitation from existing matter, even if the erupted plasma may need some time until most of it has converted to regular matter.

The imprint from such a second eruption will last for a long time. Probably a lot of erupted, relatively large plasma spheres will reside inside such a bar near the centre of the galaxy. The plasma will feed its surroundings with neutrons for billions of years, and hence with hydrogen within 15 minutes or whatever time the transformation from neutrons to hydrogen takes under such circumstances.

Strange threads of hydrogen.

The galaxy NGC 1275 is surrounded by “threads” of hydrogen gas as much as 20 000 light years long, but only 200 light years wide. In our model we would explain this as a combination of an existing galaxy with a large second plasma sphere within the range of the field of gravitation of the galaxy. When the second plasma erupts, its erupted plasma will be caught in the gravitational field of the galaxy. (Again – also repulsive plasma will experience the gravitational pull from the galaxy).

As plasma spheres are pushed toward the galaxy, they move in a space with a substantial amount of matter, hence the plasma spheres will be hit by regular matter, and leave behind a trail of hydrogen from converted plasma.

This could also support the hypothesis that smaller plasma spheres have too much surface curvature to be stable, and therefore evaporate neutrons all the time. The erupted plasma spheres will have their speed from the rotation of their source, plus the added acceleration from its repulsion, plus the gravitational acceleration towards the galaxy.

The evaporated neutrons will turn into hydrogen, and soon loose a lot of the momentum of the spheres. Therefore, the hydrogen can be seen as threads, since the slower moving hydrogen is left behind as the plasma heads on at a higher speed.

The hydrogen threads of NGC 1275, which are colour coded as red filaments. Credit: NASA, ESA and Andy Fabian (University of Cambridge, UK).

The fine structure constant Alpha.  

Light reaching Earth from very distant galaxies shows absorption spectres different from what we expect according to measurements on Earth today. Some of the “constants” of physics cannot be constants. This is the disturbing conclusion from studies made by John Webb and his colleagues at New South Wales University in Sydney.  

If this observation is caused by a change in the Alpha fine structure constant, then the constant must have devaluated about 4% over the last 12 billion years, according to Steve Lamoreaux et al. at Los Alamo (Ref.: Physical Review D, vol 69, p 121701).

The fine structure constant alpha is defined by:

α = e² / hc  

In an expanding universe, the universal K-flux is reduced all the time. Therefore, also some of today’s constants are only related to our temporary “constant” universal K-flux. Probably, the charge, e, will be proportional to the K-flux, while Planck’s constant, h, and the speed of light, c, may still be constants.

From our model of how K-flux alters energy levels in atoms, this comes as a logical consequence and not as a surprise. There are several reasons why the K-flux should decrease, and hence the atomic structure change accordingly. K-flux diminishes because:

• The universe expands and the K amplitude enhancing plasma bodies also drift apart. 
• More and more repulsive plasma bodies erupt into galaxies where plasma converts to gravitational matter, and the galaxies drain the K flux by reducing its interaction rate. 
• More local chunks of smaller plasma inside galaxies will erupt into regular matter, which drain K-flux instead of giving a positive contribution to the overall K-flux. 

Expansion of the universe.

Dark energy – Expansion of the universe?

The repulsive plasma bodies are introduced to explain several problematic aspects in physics:

• Where does the vacuum energy in quantum mechanics come from? 
• What causes the universe to accelerate apart? 
• How do we explain anomalies in our galaxy? 

In 1998 it was confirmed that the universe not only expands, but that the expansion accelerates, meaning that galaxy clusters drift apart at an increasing speed. Hence, there must be something in the universe causing this acceleration, which is usually named dark energy. No known theory of physics can explain this.

It is evident from our model that the repulsive radiation from the plasma bodies will cause the universe to expand. Only when enough matter has converted to regular gravitational matter, can we have a contractive effect in the universe. And for contraction ever to take place, there must be infinitely many other plasma bodies setting up a background K flux from outside today’s observable universe.

According to our model the universe seems to be infinite and endless. With a universe full of K-amplitude enhancing plasma bodies and K-amplitude reducing gravitational matter, some regions of the universe will be expanding, while other regions will be contracting. Our region of the universe expands for the time being. As more and more plasma bodies will erupt into regular matter, our region will go from a positive contribution to the K flux to a negative one.

Hence, the expansive K-flux from repulsive plasma in our region will at some point in time be so much reduced that the increasing gravitational effect from regular matter starts to dominate. Then the K-flux from outside will start pressing our “local universe” together. To complete the cycle and get repulsive plasma spheres, there should be a big crunch.

Since also K-emitting plasma is subject to both repulsive K-flux and contractive gravitation, the big crunch may take place while there is still some repulsive plasma left.

In our model we talk about K flux variations. Note that the K-flux may be constant everywhere in the universe, and this can still be consistent with our model. If so, it must be the amplitude for K interaction with elementary particles which changes.

This will give the same effect regarding expansion or contraction of the universe, even though the process is actually fundamentally different from a process where you deal with an excess or deficiency in K-particle numbers. A scenario with K amplitude modification seems the most likely, but it is easier to envision a K surplus or a K deficiency, rather than a steady K flux with different amplitude distribution. For this reason, the more likely explanation of variable K amplitude distribution was not advocated strongly in the beginning of this presentation.

Super Galaxy.

One could take the concept of erupting plasma bodies one step further. Imagine that the universe also contains much larger repulsive K-emitting plasma bodies than the plasma bodies responsible for our galaxy. At some time in history, such a large plasma body would destabilise and erupt plasma as well. These super-plasma bodies would erupt plasma chunks that were so big that they would remain in a state of stable repulsive plasma bodies for quite a while. And when one of these plasma chunks would erupt, they would erupt into regular galaxies.

One indication for the existence of a super galaxy is that such a model predicts a certain topography of galaxies. According to this model, galaxies are not just scattered around randomly. We should rather have that galaxies are situated in string segments from an expanding spiral after a rather limited eruption. After billions of years, the pattern will be blurred, but perhaps still detectable?

Fig. 29. A super galaxy. An extremely large plasma body spawns a great number of smaller plasma bodies. Each may later become a galaxy, like the ones we observe today. 

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